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The Nong Pa Fa Cave manuscripts are quite old and one of them dates back to 2112 BE (1569 CE), or 441 years, which is extremely rare for a palm-leaf manuscript. The oldest manuscript, however, is kept

The Nong Pa Fa Cave manuscripts are ancient, with one dating back to 2112 BE (1569 CE). The oldest, from 1520 CE, resides in Luang Prabang. These writings in a Lao variant of Dhamma script include a c

Most of them refer only to the Aggañña-sutta passage, 4 missing out the three Apadāna references. 5 The reason could be either that the scholars concerned have taken the aforementioned text as represe

This paper examines the overlooked references to dhammarāya in the Pali canon, emphasizing a context not previously presented. It critiques the tendency to categorize texts strictly as ‘early Buddhism

II. The Different Approach A fairly established academic understanding has settled regarding the term dhammakāya in the Pali canon, that it was used merely in the sense of the ‘Buddha’s teachings.’ In

The term 'dhammakāya' in the Pali canon is understood as representing the Buddha's teachings. It is established through several canonical passages that equate the Buddha with dhamma. Notable reference

III. References to 'Dhammakāya' in the Pāli Canon In the Pali canon, the term dhammakāya appears four times: once in the Aggiāṇā-sutta of the Dīgha-nikāya and three more times in Apadāna literature.

In the Pāli Canon, the term 'dhammakāya' is found four times, significantly in the Aggiāṇā-sutta and Apadāna literature. It serves various roles including a designation for the Tathāgata and associati

Points to Consider It may be observed that the difference in previous scholarly interpretations of the term dhammakāya in this passage mainly pertains to the inter-relatedness of two distinctive meani

This text delves into scholarly interpretations of the term 'dhammakāya', emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of 'dhamma' as both a realized reality and a verbal expression. It identifies

Saddhā: Criterion of being the Tathāgata's Son The first point to be looked at is the criterion of being the Buddha’s ‘true son’ which is, in this passage, defined by means of his irremovable confiden

This text discusses the criterion of being the Tathāgata's son, emphasizing the irremovable confidence (saddhā) in the Buddha. It defines this confidence as settled and unchangeable despite external i

Vin.II.192, A.IV.186, 210, 213 Just as a piece of clean cloth that is deprived of dirt would well-absorb the dye, the pure and clear eye of dhamma (dhammacakku) arose to the man, on that current seat

The text discusses the qualities of noble disciples in Buddhism, emphasizing the importance of clear perception of dhamma and the eradication of doubts and fetters. It describes the transformation exp

Implications of Parallel Descriptions of Monks and Brahmins As Gombrich points out, the passage in question is comparable to the Brahmins’ claim:46 brahmanā va brahmuo putṭā orasā mukhato jāta brahma

The text delves into how Gombrich compares the descriptions of Brahmins and Monks, emphasizing the dual interpretations of the term 'brahma-' as both the masculine creator and the neuter ultimate real

Arhatship (arahattamagga).86 Therefore, the particular path is not a mere ‘collective title’ of the path-constituents but the ‘essential totality’ by which a ‘body’ is defined. The dependence of funct

This text discusses the concept of Arhatship and the definition of Dhammakāya in the context of Buddhist philosophy. It argues that the path should be seen as an essential totality, forming a 'body,'

V. Reference 2: Dhammakāya and Paccekabuddhas A Paccekabuddha is counted as one of the two types of Buddhas. According to Buddhist philosophy, a Paccekabuddha is a person who is of the highest wisdom

This text discusses the concept of Paccekabuddhas, individuals of high wisdom who achieve self-enlightenment but lack the ability to teach. It explores scholarly arguments about the pre-Buddhist origi

91 While it is possible for a Paccekabuddha to teach an individual which finally leads to that person's enlightenment, he does not teach to a multitude of people in the same way as a Buddha does. Henc

The text discusses the distinct nature of Paccekabuddhas, who can guide individuals toward enlightenment but do not teach the masses like Buddhas. Their teachings emphasize solitude and are succinct,

In the Apadāna literature, besides the life history of the Buddha and his disciples, a section is devoted to a depiction of the characteristics of Paccekabuddhas. This - section is entitled 'Paccekabu

The Apadāna literature highlights the characteristics of Paccekabuddhas, emphasizing their significant dhammas and independent mind. Verse 52 describes them as having great dhammas, being free from su

In regard to the different levels of dhammakāya, the canon talks about the different states of trainees (sekha) and non-trainees (asekha). The former refers to states in which a further course is yet

The text elaborates on the different levels of dhammakāya, categorizing trainees and non-trainees based on their qualities and practices. Trainees are seen as individuals who still have further course

the function of each particular transcendent dhamma.116 The totality of transcendental qualities constituting each transcendental state, which is identified earlier with dhammakāya, denotes a degree o

This text analyses the concept of dhammakāya, highlighting its connection to enlightenment and the associated happiness. It emphasizes the blameless nature of dhammakāya and notes Gotami's insights in

No-one can upset the (Padumuttara Buddhu) entire mine of jewels, who is demonstrating the dhammakāya; having seen him, who is not pleased? In order to clarify further regarding the precise connotation

This study revisits the term dhammakāya in the Pali canon, highlighting its significance in Buddhist teachings. By examining the Sambuddha-sutta, the relationship between 'the path' and dhammakāya is

mental qualities128 or purity,129 or identifies it with realities to be attained or experienced spiritually by noble disciples through the penetration of the noble paths.130 In one instance, he connec

This text examines the term dhammakāya as articulated by Buddhaghosa, linking it to spiritual realities and teachings of the Buddha. It highlights the role of dhamma-vinaya as a guiding principle and

Dhammapāla, like Buddhaghosa, employs the term dhammikāya mostly as a noun, and relates it either with the Buddha’s mental qualities and purity,134 with the Enlightenment either of the Buddha135 or hi

Dhammapāla discusses dhammikāya, relating it to the Buddha's mental qualities and Enlightenment. This term connects the Buddha's teachings and truths, illustrating his purity and extraordinary qualiti

In addition to the above two commentators, Upasena and Buddhadatta141 are also Pali commentators who lived around the same times.142 Upasena agrees with Buddhagōsha in regard to his interpretations of

The text discusses the interpretations of the term 'dhammakāya' by various Pali commentators, focusing on Upasena and Buddhadatta, who align with Buddhagōsha, and their views on the Buddha's qualities

In a few passages, however, Sāriputta also refers to the term dhammakāya in the sense of the Buddha’s teaching.150 On the whole, traditional Theravādins interpret the term dhammakāya mostly in the se

This passage examines the term 'dhammakāya' as interpreted in traditional Theravāda Buddhism. It discusses the general view of dhammakāya as reflecting the qualities of the Buddha and the spiritual re

Mus, Paul. Barabudur: Sketch of a History of Buddhism Based on Archaeological Criticism of the Texts. New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts: Sterling Publishers, 1998. Need, David Nort

This collection features key academic contributions to the study of Buddhism, drawing from archaeological criticism, doctrinal analyses, and comparative studies between traditions. Works by notable sc